EARTH SUMMIT, 2002
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The World
Summit on Sustainable Development, WSSD or Earth Summit 2002 took place in Johannesburg, South Africa.
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It was convened to discuss sustainable
development by the United Nations.
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WSSD gathered a number of leaders from business
and non-governmental organizations, 10 years after the first Earth Summit in
Rio de Janeiro. (It was therefore also informally
nicknamed "Rio+10".)
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The Johannesburg
Declaration was the main outcome of the Summit; however, there were several
other international agreements.
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It laid out the Johannesburg Plan of
Implementation as an action plan.
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Instead of new agreements between governments,
the Earth Summit was organized mostly around almost 300 "partnership
initiatives" known as Type II, as opposed to Type I Parnerships which are
the more classic outcome of international treaties. These were to be the key
means to achieve the Millennium Development Goals.
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The
absence of the United States rendered the summit partially impotent. George
W. Bush boycotted the summit and did not attend.
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